Maori Origins of Poi

The word "poi" is Maori, from the indigenous people of Aotearoa (New Zealand). Poi practice dates to the early Maori settlement around the 13th century CE, making it one of the oldest prop-manipulation arts with a continuous cultural lineage.

Traditional materials

Poi were crafted from native plants. The core was formed from the pithy center of raupo (bulrush). The cord was twisted from muka — the inner fiber of harakeke (New Zealand flax). The covering was made from dampened strips of raupo stems wrapped around the core.

Two traditional types

• Poi piu (short poi) — string from fingertips to wrist. Faster, more rhythmic movements.
• Poi toa / poi roa (long poi) — string from fingertips to shoulder. Slower, sweeping movements. Originally associated with warrior training.

Cultural significance

• Women used poi to maintain wrist flexibility for weaving
• Men used poi for coordination and strength needed for combat
• Among some iwi (tribes), poi were used by tohunga (experts) during karakia (prayers) to connect spiritual and physical worlds
• Poi is part of kapa haka (Maori performing arts), alongside action songs, haka, and stick games
• Poi is considered taonga (treasure) — a living cultural artifact

Traditional vs. modern

Traditional Maori poi is performed in groups with singing and structured choreography. Modern poi (as practiced globally) is generally performed by individuals, without singing, often with fire or LED — none of which are part of Maori tradition. The question of cultural appropriation vs. appreciation is an ongoing discussion in the community.